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Typika

A Prologue

It is of upmost importance Christians foster community, to be a city on the holy hill which “cannot be hid” (Matthew 5:14)In Divine Liturgy, we adhere to the freeing Commandment, resting and keeping the Lord’s Day. We “hold fast the confession of our Hope without wavering” (Hebrews 10:23).  

Yet what occurs when Divine Liturgy cannot be celebrated, when there is no ordained father to consecrate the Eucharist? 

When Divine Liturgy cannot occur, the Church provides Typika. In this essential and holy service, as in every Divine Liturgy, we are:

“. . .not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more. . .” (Hebrews 10:25). 

In similar fashion to Matins, Vespers, and the additional liturgical treasury, we are ensured and assured we continue to “pray constantly” (1 Thessalonians 5:17).  

Let us learn about Typika, so we may appreciate and yearn for it.    

Some Historical Context

The origins of Typika can be seen where monks in the desert or wild backcountry, kept the Holy Mysteries with them. In practical matters, without a congregation of many and the need to honor vows given as monastics in obedience, a short service with distribution of Prosphora (Holy Communion) would suffice. In some extraordinary circumstances, seen in hagiographies of desert dwelling saints, the Holy Communion on reserve was the only nourishment they were graced to live on.

Throughout the ages, there have been many instances in which Typika was required. In times of diaspora, where the Church was persecuted and her members scattered, often dispersed laity did not have their ordained father. Perhaps some presanctified or already consecrated Prosphora may have been smuggled in refuge. Yet whether or not it was available, even less so priests or bishops, the need for respite and to gather was ever present. To honor the Lord was, and is, imperative.

 

In our Carpatho-Rusyn Church, of Slavic Byzantine tradition, we’ve had many moments similar to the early Christians, those who wandered akin to the One “without a place to lay His head” (Matthew 8:20). Our Church was founded in the frontier or hinterlands around the Carpathian Mountains and valleys of the Danube and tributaries. The people had percipience there was renting of East and West, one hardly of their cause or desire. And, yet being so remote, they continued devotion in great Hope and Providence. There was some consolation which followed; treaties such as the Union of Brest and Union of Uzhorod allowed for our Church be preserved, at times prosper. It allowed for Mukachevo (Mukačevo), Prešov (Prjašev), and many other eparchies to grow, flourish, and form those they served.

Yet, desolation is no stranger for us. After a number of minor tremors, Byzantine Rite Churches would experience great trial and ordeal in the 20th Century. Nations were dead set on removing faith, unbridled by the state, from the face of the earth. The Church would be steadfast; yet, this tribulation did a lot of damage. Bishops such as Velychkovsky, Romzha, Oros, Hopko and Gojdič would be exiled from the people; their eparchies of Lviv (L'viv), Mukachevo, and Prešov seized, plundered, and destroyed.

 

Our bishops would be imprisoned and martyred for not compromising. Many of our priests, including Father Trčka, suffered similar fates in their promotion and protection of the Church. The people, our predecessors, needed Daily Bread; they were lost “as sheep without a shepherd” (Matthew 9:36; Mark 6:34). And it was at this time, the Church would re-enshrine Typika as part of her Treasury.

 

With this contextual understanding, we have an idea of its importance.

Yet, it begs the question:

What is Typika?

Typika (Greek: typiká, τυπικά; Slavonic: izobrazítelnaya, Изобрази́тельны) is a part of our daily office, our daily cycle of services. It is, of course, a brief liturgical service prayed when there is no ordained priest available to celebrate Divine Liturgy. Holy Communion can be distributed during this service by a Deacon, provided Prosphora had been consecrated ahead of time and is on reserve. Typika can be prayed in conjunction with the Sixth Hour, at Noon, to mark Christ’s Crucifixion. 

 

During Great Lent, it is prayed at the Ninth Hour, marking His Death and Descent into Hades. Traditionally, at 3:00 pm, fasting of the day finishes; the service with Prosphora provides literal daily bread to break the fast. Since Typika, during this liturgical season, acts as a kind of Presanctified Divine Liturgy, it is proper to hold the service the days Christ’s Cross is not formally commemorated (Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and occasionally Sunday). 

On the vigils of Nativity and Theophany, we pray the Royal Hours. All Hours (1st, 3rd, 6th, & 9th) are said at their appointed times. After the Ninth Hour, Typika will be held in regal and worthy manner. Again, Prosphora may be offered.

Further Reading

Please feel free to visit the resources, listed below:

Typika

(Byzantine Seminary Press)

Additional Liturgical Resources

Historical Context

(Viktor Kichera, Uzhhorod National University.

Reprinted by Acta historica Neosoliensia)​

(Anthansius B. Pekar, OSBM; Byzantine Seminary Press)

(Archeparchy of Pittsburgh)

(Anthansius B. Pekar, OSBM; Byzantine Seminary Press)

 

 

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(László Puskás, Eastern Christian Publications)

(László Puskás, Eastern Christian Publications)

(Giampaolo Mattei, L’Osservatore Romano. Reprinted by EWTN)

 

(Maryella Hierholzer, Our Sunday Visitor)

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